fonts

In typography, a typeface consists of a coordinated set of glyphs designed with stylistic unity. A typeface usually comprises an alphabet of letters, numerals, and punctuation marks. A typeface may also include ideograms and symbols, or consist entirely of them, for example, mathematical or map-making symbols. The term typeface is often conflated with font, a term which, historically, had a number of distinct meanings prior to the advent of desktop publishing; these terms are now effectively synonymous when discussing digital typography.

The art and craft of designing typefaces is called type design, and the people who design them are called type designers—not typographers. Typographers are responsible for the layout of the printed word on the page. The typesetter (compositor in hot metal) sets and arranges the type in the position indicated. In digital typography, type designers are also known as font developers or font designers.

History of the term font

A font, from Middle French fonte, meaning "(something that has been) melt(ed) [akin to Fondue]" and referring to letters of a typeface produced by casting molten metal at a type foundry, consists of a set of glyphs (images) representing the characters from a particular character set in a particular typeface. Historically, fonts came in specific sizes determining the size of characters, and in quantities of sorts or number of each letter provided. The design of characters in a font took into account all these factors. As the range of typeface designs increased and requirements of publishers broadened over the centuries, fonts of specific weight (blackness or lightness) and stylistic variants—most commonly regular or roman as distinct to italic, as well as condensed) have led to font families, collections of closely-related typeface designs that can include hundreds of styles. A font family is typically a group of related fonts which vary only in weight, orientation, width, etc, but not design. For example, Times is a font family, whereas Times Roman, Times Italic and Times Bold are individual fonts making up the Times family. Font families typically contain several fonts, though some, such as Helvetica, may consist of dozens of fonts. Helvetica, Century Schoolbook, and Courier are examples of three widely distributed typefaces.

English-speaking printers have used the term fount for centuries to refer to the multi-part metal type used to assemble and print in a particular size and typeface. Type foundries have cast fonts in lead alloys from the 1450s until the present, although wood served as the material for some large fonts called wood type during the 19th century, particularly in the United States of America. In the 1890's mechanization typesetting allowed automated casting of fonts on-the-fly as lines of type in the size and length needed. This was known as continuous casting, and remained profitable and widespread until its demise in the 1970s. The first machine of this type was the Linotype invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler.

During a brief transitional period (circa 1950s – 1990s), photographic technology, known as phototypesetting, produced fonts which came on rolls or discs of film. Photographic typesetting permitted optical scaling, allowing designers to produce multiple sizes from a single font, although physical constraints on the reproduction system used still required design-changes at different sizes—for example, ink traps and spikes to allow for spread of ink encountered in the printing stage. Manually-operated photo-composition systems using fonts on rolls of film allowed fine kerning between letters without the physical effort of manual typesetting, and spawned an enlarged type-design industry in the 1960s and 1970s.

The mid-1970s saw all of the major typeface technologies and all their fonts in use: letterpress, continuous casting machines, phototypositors, computer-controlled phototypesetters, and the earliest digital typesetters—hulking machines with tiny processors and CRT outputs. From the mid-1980s, as digital typography has grown, users have almost universally adopted the American spelling font, which nowadays nearly always means a computer file containing scalable outline letterforms ("digital font"), in one of several common formats. Some fonts, such as Verdana, are designed primarily for use on computer screens.

Digital fonts store the image of each character either as a bitmap in a bitmap font, or by mathematical description of lines and curves in an outline font, also called a vector font. When an outline font is used a rasterizing routine (in the application software, operating system or printer) renders the character outlines, interpreting the vector instructions to decide which pixels should be black and which ones white. Rasterization is straightforward at high resolutions such as those used by laser printers and in high-end publishing systems. For computer screens, where each individual pixel can mean the difference between legible and illegible characters, some digital fonts use hinting algorithms to make readable bitmaps at small sizes.

Digital fonts may also contain data representing the metrics used for composition, including kerning pairs, component-creation data for accented characters, glyph-substitution rules for Arabic typography and for connecting script faces, and for simple everyday ligatures like fl. Common font formats include METAFONT, "PostScript" Type 1, TrueType and OpenType. Applications using these font formats, including the rasterizers, appear in Microsoft and Apple Computer operating systems, Adobe Systems products and those of several other companies.

Typeface anatomy

Typographers have developed a comprehensive vocabulary for describing the many aspects of typefaces and typography. Some vocabulary applies only to a subset of all scripts. Serifs, for example, are a purely decorative characteristic of typefaces used for European scripts, whereas the glyphs used in Arabic or East Asian scripts have characteristics (such as stroke width) that may be similar in some respects but that can't reasonably be called serifs and that may not be purely decorative.

Serifs

One can divide many typefaces into two main categories: serif and sans-serif. Serifs comprise the small features at the end of strokes within letters. The printing industry refers to typeface without serifs as sans-serif (from French sans: "without"), or as grotesque (or, in German, grotesk).

Great variety exists among both serif and sans-serif typefaces; both groups contain faces designed for setting large amounts of body text, and others intended primarily as decorative. The presence or absence of serifs forms only one of many factors to consider when choosing a typeface.

Typefaces with serifs are often considered easier to read in long passages than those without. Studies on the matter are ambiguous, suggesting that most of this effect is due to the greater familiarity of serif typefaces. As a general rule, printed works such as newspapers and books almost always use serif typefaces, at least for the text body. Web sites do not have to specify a font and can simply respect the browser settings of the user. But of those web sites that do specify a font, most use modern sans-serif fonts, because it is commonly believed that, in contrast to the case for printed material, sans-serif fonts are easier than serif fonts to read on the low-resolution computer screen.

Proportion

A proportional typeface displays glyphs using varying widths, while a non-proportional or fixed-width or monospace typeface uses fixed glyph widths.

Most people generally find proportional typefaces nicer-looking and easier to read; and thus they appear more commonly in professionally published printed material. For the same reason, GUI computer applications (such as word processors and web browsers) typically use proportional fonts. However, many proportional fonts contain fixed-width figures so that columns of numbers stay aligned.

However, non-proportional typefaces function better for some purposes because their glyphs line up in nice, neat columns. Most non-electronic typewriters and text-only computer displays use only non-proportional fonts. Most computer programs which have a text-based interface (terminal emulators, for example) use only monospace fonts in their configuration. Most computer programmers prefer to use monospace fonts while editing source code.

ASCII art requires a monospace font for proper viewing. In a web page, the <tt> </tt> or <pre> </pre> HTML tag most commonly specifies non-proportional fonts. In LaTeX, the verbatim environment uses non-proportional fonts.

Any two lines of typical text with the same number of characters in each line in a monospace typeface should display as equal in width, while the same two lines in proportional typeface may have radically different widths. This comes about because wide glyphs (like those for the letters W, Q, Z, M, D, O, H, and U) use more linear space, and narrow glyphs (like those for the letters i, t, l, and 1) use less linear space than the average-width glyph when using a proportional font.

In the publishing industry, editors read manuscripts in fixed-width fonts for ease of editing. The publishing industry considers it discourteous to submit a manuscript in a proportional font.

Metrics

Most scripts share the notion of a baseline: an imaginary horizontal line on which characters rest. In some scripts, parts of glyphs lie below the baseline. The descent spans the distance between the baseline and the lowest descending glyph in a typeface, and the part of a glyph that descends below the baseline has the name "descender". Conversely, the ascent spans the distance between the baseline and the top of the glyph that reaches farthest from the baseline. The ascent and descent may or may not include distance added by accents or diacritical marks.

In the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts, one can refer to the distance from the baseline to the top of regular lowercase glyphs as the x-height, and the part of a glyph rising above the x-height as the "ascender". The height of the ascender can have a dramatic effect on the readability and appearance of a font. The ratio between the x-height and the ascent often serves to characterise typefaces.

Types of typefaces

Because a plethora of typefaces has been created over the centuries, they are commonly categorized according to their appearance. At the highest level, one can differentiate between serif, sans-serif, script, blackletter, display, monospace, and symbol typefaces. Historically, the first fonts were blackletter, followed by serif, then sans-serif and then the other types.

Serif typefaces

Main article: Serif

Serif, or "roman", typefaces are named for the features at the ends of their strokes. Times Roman and Garamond are common examples of serif typefaces. Serif fonts are probably the most used class in printed materials, including most books, newspapers and magazines.

"Roman" and "oblique" are also terms used to differentiate between upright and italic variations of a typeface.

Sans-serif typefaces

Main article: Sans-serif

The typographical phenomenon of sans-serif designs appeared relatively recently in the history of type design. The two-line English so-called "Egyptian" font, released in 1816 by William Caslon's foundry in England apparently furnished the first specimen. They serve commonly, but not exclusively, for display typography applications such as signage, headings, and other situations demanding clear meaning but without the need for continuous reading. The text on web pages offers an exception: it appears mostly in sans-serif font because serifs often detract from readability at the low resolution of modern displays.

The most well-known sans-serif font is Max Miedinger's Helvetica, with others such as Futura, Gill Sans, Univers and Frutiger remaining popular over many decades. Arial is a widely-used display font based on Helvetica, having subtle simplifications in the glyphs for improved rendering on bitmap displays.

Script typefaces

Script typefaces simulate handwriting or calligraphy. They do not lend themselves to quantities of body text, as people find them harder to read than many serif and sans-serif typefaces; they are typically used for logos or invitations. Examples include Coronet and Zapfino.

Blackletter typefaces

Main article: Blackletter

Blackletter fonts, the earliest typefaces used with the invention of the printing press, resemble the blackletter calligraphy of that time. Many people refer to them as gothic script. Various forms exist including textualis, rotunda, schwabacher, and fraktur.

Display typefaces

Display typefaces are used exclusively for decorative purposes, and are not suitable for body text. They have the most distinctive designs of all fonts, and may even incorporate pictures of objects, animals, etc. into the character designs. They usually have very specific characteristics (e.g. evoking the Wild West, Christmas, horror films, etc.) and hence very limited uses.

Monospace typefaces

Monospace fonts are typefaces in which every glyph is the same width (as opposed to variable-width fonts, where the "w" and "m" are wider than most letters, and the "i" is narrower). The first monospaced typefaces were designed for typewriters, which could only move the same distance forward with each letter typed. Their use continued with early computers, which could only display a single font. Although modern computers can display any desired typeface, monospaced fonts are still important for computer programming, terminal emulation, and for laying out tabulated data in plain text documents. Examples of monospace typefaces are Courier, Prestige Elite, and Monaco.

Symbol typefaces

Main article: Dingbat

Symbol, or Dingbat, typefaces consist of symbols (such as decorative bullets, clock faces, railroad timetable symbols, CD-index, or TV-channel enclosed numbers) rather than normal text characters. Examples include Zapf Dingbats, Sonata, and Wingdings.

Faux typefaces

Faux, or simulated, fonts are typefaces in which the font is made to look like characters of another writing system, typically Latin characters made using the style of another script. Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Japanese and Sanskrit are all readily available in faux fonts.

Texts used to demonstrate typefaces

A sentence that uses all of the alphabet (a pangram), such as "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", is often used as a design aesthetic tool to demonstrate the personality of a typeface's characters in a setting. For extended settings of typefaces graphic designers often use nonsense text (commonly referred to as "greeking"), such as lorem ipsum or Latin text such as the beginning of Cicero's in Catilinam. Greeking is used in typography to determine a typeface's "color", or weight and style, and to demonstrate an overall typographic aesthetic prior to actual type setting.

Legal aspects of typefaces

United States law does not permit the copyrighting of typeface designs, while allowing the patenting of unusually novel designs. Digital fonts that embody a particular design often become copyrightable as computer programs. The names of the typefaces can become trademarked. As a result of these various means of legal protection, sometimes the same typeface exists in multiple names and implementations.

Some elements of the software engines used to display fonts on computers have software patents associated with them. In particular, Apple Computer has patented some of the hinting algorithms for TrueType, requiring open-source alternatives such as FreeType to use different algorithms.

See also

• Calligraphy
• Dingbat
• Expert font
• Font family (HTML)
• Font-management program
• Foundries
• List of typefaces
• List of typographic features
• List of type designers
• Sans-serif
• Serif
• Computer font
• Typography
• Typographic units
• HTML
• Computer font
• Unicode fonts

Organizations

• Type Directors Club
• ATypI, Association Typographique Internationale

External links

• Fonts.com's Type 101
• Typowiki, a user created encyclopedia of all things type and design-related.
• An outsider's introduction to Fonts A good piece of introduction to nitty-gritties behind Fonts. Also involves mathematical explanations and has a good collection of further references.
• Luc Devroye Extensive list about Typography, compiled by Luc Devroye, over 100 hundred different categories.
• Typeface Terminology, a glossary by William Adams (PDF file)
• One Typeface, Many Fonts, by William Adams (PDF file)
• Typo.cz, information on Central-European typography and typesetting
• Diacritics Project, materials for designing a font with accents
• ABC typography - Introduction to the most famous typefaces
• Typotheque - Archive of type related articles, fonts and books