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Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.)
1. Pineal gland
2. Pituitary gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. Thymus
5. Adrenal gland
6. Pancreas
7. Ovary
8. Testis
The endocrine system is a control system of ductless glands that secrete chemical "instant messengers" called hormones that circulate within the body via the bloodstream to affect distant cells within specific organs. Endocrine glands secrete their products immediately into the blood or interstitial fluid, without storage of the chemical. Hormones act as "messengers," and are carried by the bloodstream to different cells in the body, which interpret these messages and act on them. Typical endocrine glands are pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, but not exocrine glands such as salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract.
The field of medicine that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of internal medicine.
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Contents
- 1 Physiology
- 2 Endocrine glands and the hormones secreted
- 2.1 In males only
- 2.2 In females only
- 3 Role in disease
- 4 See also
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Physiology
The endocrine system provides an electrochemical connection from the hypothalamus of the brain to all the organs that control body metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction.
There are two types of hormones secreted in the endocrine system: (1) steroidal and (2) nonsteroidal, or protein based hormones. Signal transduction of some hormones with steroid structure involves nuclear hormone receptor proteins that are a class of ligand activated proteins that, when bound to specific sequences of DNA serve as on-off switches for transcription within the cell nucleus. These switches control the development and differentiation of skin, bone and behavioral centers in the brain, as well as the continual regulation of reproductive tissues. They also bind to receptor sites, and activate second messenger systems for more rapid responses. Nonsteriodal hormones bind to receptor sites on the external surface of the cell membrane and use a second messenger method of altering internal cell functions, by altering the pathways already existing in the cells, by activating or deactivating enzymes which modify existing proteins.
The endocrine system regulates its hormones through negative feedback. Increases in hormone activity decrease the production of that hormone. The immune system and other factors contribute as control factors also, altogether maintaining constant levels of hormones.
Reference: http://www.hormoneprofile.com/howhormoneswork.htm
Endocrine glands and the hormones secreted
- Hypothalamus produces
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Somatostatin (SS; also GHIH, growth factor-inhibiting hormone)
- Dopamine (DA)
- Pineal Gland produces
- Pituitary gland produces
- Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, a gonadotropin)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH, a gonadotropin)
- Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
- Oxytocin (ocytocin)
- Arginine vasopressin (AVP; also ADH, antidiuretic hormone)
- Thyroid gland produces
- Triiodothyronine (T3), the potent form of thyroid hormone
- Thyroxine (T4), a less active form of thyroid hormone
- Calcitonin
- Parathyroid gland produces
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Heart produces
- Atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- Stomach and intestines produce
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Gastrin
- Ghrelin
- Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
- Secretin
- Somatostatin
- Liver produces
- Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
- Angiotensinogen
- Thrombopoietin
- Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Somatostatin
- Adrenal glands produce
- Adrenal cortex
- Glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)
- Mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)
- Androgens (including DHEA and testosterone)
- Adrenal medulla
- Adrenaline (epinephrine)
- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
- Testosterone
- Kidney produces
- Renin
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D3)
- Adipose tissue
- Leptin
- Estrogens (mainly estrone)
In males only
- Testes
- Androgens (chiefly testosterone)
In females only
- Ovarian follicle
- Estrogens (mainly estradiol)
- Corpus luteum
- Progesterone
- Estrogens (mainly estradiol)
- Placenta (when pregnant)
- Progesterone
- Estrogens (mainly estriol)
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
- Human placental lactogen (HPL)
Role in disease
Diseases of the endocrine system are common, such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease.
Endocrinopathies can occur with any of these. Hypofunction can occur as result of loss of reserve, hyposecretion, agenesis, atrophy, destruction, etc. Hyperfunction can occur as result of hypersecretion, loss of suppression, tumor, hyperplasia, etc.
Endocrinopathies are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Primary is target organ dysfunction and is normally associated with increased or decreased secretory hormones. Secondary is a dysfunction that originates elsewhere like the pituitary gland and is normally associated with increased or decreased production of trophic factors. Tertiary is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamus and its releasing hormones.
See also
- Hormones
- Releasing hormones
- Endocrinology
- Neuroendocrinology
- Nervous system
- Endocrine disruptor
| Endocrine system - edit |
| Adrenal gland | Corpus luteum | Hypothalamus | Kidney | Ovaries | Pancreas | Parathyroid gland | Pineal gland | Pituitary gland | Testes | Thyroid gland |
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v·d·e
Human organ systems |
| Cardiovascular system | Digestive system | Endocrine system | Immune system | Integumentary system | Lymphatic system | Muscular system | Nervous system | Reproductive system | Respiratory system | Skeletal system | Urinary system |
Categories: Articles lacking sources | Endocrine system
